A Comparative Analysis of Particulate Matter ≤ 2.5μm Emissions Across Canadian Universities from 2012-2022

Abstract

Particulate matter <= 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5) has been linked to cause harm to human health (Health Canada, 2021) and the environment (CARB, 2024). Exposure to PM2.5 leads to various adverse health outcomes, including respiratory symptoms, decreased lung function, and premature mortality (Xing et al., 2016). Accumulation of PM2.5 in ecosystems effects water quality, visibility, and threatens plant growth (CARB, 2024). The purpose of this study is to analyze and compare PM2.5 emissions from select Canadian universities from 2012-2022. The question we aim to answer through our research is how Canadian universities release of particulate matter <= 2.5 micrometers change over the span of 10 years (2012-2022). Using data from the National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI), the research team performed statistical analyses using Excel and R Studio. Several universities, including Dalhousie University, Memorial University of Newfoundland, University of Saskatchewan, McGill University, and University of British Columbia, maintained relatively low emission levels from 2012-2022. Queen’s University, Western University, and University of Calgary had stable but higher emission levels. Notably, the University of New Brunswick had PM2.5 emissions approximately 34 times higher than the other universities averaged over the study period. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in PM2.5 emissions between 2012 and 2022 for the University of New Brunswick, Laval University, University of Alberta, University of Toronto, and the University of Manitoba, with all five showing significant decreases. Rankings based on PM2.5 estimated marginal means placed the University of British Columbia with the lowest emissions and the University of New Brunswick with the highest emissions in both 2012 and 2022. Understanding PM2.5 emission sources and levels can aid in national air quality management standards and initiatives. Addressing PM2.5 emissions is crucial, given projected exacerbation due to climate change. Implementing mitigation strategies and establishing enforceable federal air quality standards are essential steps. Cleaner energy sources and increased awareness of the health and environmental impacts of PM2.5 can drive efforts to reduce emissions and improve air quality nationwide.