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Offshore Wind Energy in Canada: Charting an Ecologically Sustainable Future from International Law and Policy Coordinates and State Practices
(2025-03-05) Alikhani, Mohamad; Not Applicable; Doctor of Philosophy; Faculty of Law; Not Applicable; Jeremy Firestone; Not Applicable; Phillip Saunders; Patricia Galvao Ferreira; David VanderZwaag
This thesis addresses a critical issue: while offshore wind energy (OWE) reduces greenhouse gas emissions and helps Canada meet its climate goals under the Paris Agreement, it may also harm marine ecosystems, potentially conflicting with biodiversity conservation efforts. OWE can lead to the loss of fish and fish habitats as a result of construction activities, as well as bird and bat mortality due to turbine collisions. Utilizing ecological sustainability as a theoretical framework, the thesis examines how Canada can enhance its regulatory framework for OWE to protect biodiversity. It recommends: (i) broadening ecological sustainability in the law; (ii) implementing integrated management through legally binding marine spatial planning; and (iii) employing strategic and environmental assessments to mitigate the adverse impacts of OWE. It analyzes key federal laws and provincial laws of Nova Scotia and proposes strengthening various Acts to support an ecologically sustainable future for OWE in Canada.
Impact of a Community Dental Worker Program in Ifakara, Tanzania
(Provision Charitable Foundation, 2024-11-01) Rock, Leigha; Antosh, Kelly; Kilasara, Deogratias
Redox-sensitive partitioning of vanadium and other heterovalent elements between apatite and biotite in high silica magmas
(Elsevier, 2025) Rozenbaks, Peteris; Brenan, James M.
Apatite and biotite, ubiquitous minerals in a multitude of natural rocks, host a variety of trace elements, including those whose valence state, and hence ionic radius and charge, can vary over the oxygen fugacity (fO2) of natural magmatic systems. In this study, we determine trace element partition coefficients (concentration [C] ratios) between apatite and biotite (Dap/bt = Capatite/Cbiotite) in five suites of natural, mostly silicic, metaluminous to peraluminous rocks that formed under reduced to oxidized conditions (FMQ-3.6 to +6.2; FMQ = fayalite-magnetite-quartz buffer). In three of the suites, representing a narrower fO2 range (FMQ-3.6 to 2.9), trace element apatite/glass and biotite/glass partitioning coefficients (Dap/gl =Capatite/Cglass and Dbt/gl = Cbiotite/Cglass, respectively) were also determined. Elements considered include alkalis, alkaline earths, rare earth elements, transition metals, metalloids, and high field strength elements, of which V, As, Eu, Mo, Sn, and W are expected to be heterovalent over the fO2 range considered.
Results reveal changes in partitioning behavior of the heterovalent elements over the fO2 range. With increasing fO2 from FMQ-3.2 to FMQ+2.9, values of Dbt/gl for V decrease from ~580 to ~50 whereas Dap/gl increases from ~0.6 to ~5. Arsenic becomes more compatible in apatite with Dap/gl increasing from ~ 0.04 to ~1.6. Europium Dap/gl values increase from ~20 to ~90. Molybdenum Dbt/gl decreases from ~2 to ~0.1. Tin becomes more compatible with both minerals as fO2 increases, with Dbt/gl increasing from ~0.1 to ~1.0 and Dap/gl from ~0.05 to ~0.3. Although the uncertainty on Dap/gl for W is too large to derive a meaningful fO2 relation, values for Dbt/gl decrease from ~0.13 to ~0.02 with increasing fO2. As a result of Dap/gl and Dbt/gl for V exhibiting opposite relations with fO2, values of apatite/biotite partitioning (Dap/bt) systematically increase from ~0.001 to ~0.5 with increase in fO2. In addition to shifts in the relative proportions of oxidized and reduced species with fO2, the observed partitioning relations for heterovalent elements could be caused by differences in other parameters that affect the activity of single species, species proportions, temperature, etc. These confounding aspects are assessed by comparison of the homovalent element partitioning data, which are relatively constant for the investigated samples, with the exception of the Mascota suite (Mexico). We suggest that Dap/bt values for V in the Mascota suite are likely enhanced by the stabilization of higher valence V species in a more alkaline melt composition. Results therefore indicate that the observed variation in heterovalent element partitioning is predominantly the result of fO2 control on element species and corresponding ionic radius. With this interpretation, we present a preliminary V partitioning model that considers changes in the proportion of V species with fO2 and estimated values Dap/bt for V species. Model results are used to estimate the fO2 of the peraluminous South Mountain Batholith (Nova Scotia, Canada) for which oxybarometry has not been straightforward. Estimated oxygen fugacities are consistent with other redox indications, however, other factors, including melt and biotite composition, need to be considered to enable general application of the model. The partitioning of V between apatite and ferromagnesian minerals has the potential of a novel oxybarometer, applicable to a broad range of igneous rocks, including Fe-Ti poor plutonic systems.
Fuck your patriarchy
(2025-03-05) Edwards, Grace Abigail