Global Goals versus Local Values: Applying an Interest Convergence Lens to Panama’s Marine Conservation Commitments

Abstract

The subjectivity of marine conservation is the result of personal values, opinions and societal constructs of nature. Thus, marine conservation is rooted in cultural identity and livelihoods. Personal and political interests, power, and perceptions add much weight when considering how to approach protection of natural areas. In many regions of the world, marine conservation is not just perceived as a scientific or environmental process but is inherently linked to the livelihood, recreation, and the cultural fabric of the community. In Bocas del Toro, Panama, this is exemplified whereby there exists an intrinsic connection between the natural environment and daily life, highlighting how nature provides both material and emotional value. This research examines a series of marine conservation policies and commitments made by Panama, in their effort to be viewed as a “Blue Leader”, through an interest convergence lens by exploring to what degree these actions by the government (i.e. majority) align with the interests of its coastal communities (i.e. minority). Through semi-structured interviews conducted in Bocas del Toro, Panama, in the summer of 2024, the study identifies some areas of convergence between local community values and marine conservation goals, particularly in the shared recognition of the importance of preserving biodiversity and protecting natural resources; yet, a disconnect is present that renders marine conservation initiatives, such as Panama’s adherence to the ‘30x30’ global conservation target, impractical in serving the interests of the community. Findings reveal that, while national and international conservation agendas highlight the importance of ecosystem protection, local communities often perceive these efforts as exclusionary and unrepresentative of their needs. The research suggests that sustainable marine conservation in Bocas del Toro requires integrating local voices, addressing power dynamics, and balancing global ecological goals with local priorities. This approach could foster a more equitable conservation paradigm, ensuring both the preservation of biodiversity and the well-being of the community.