Probability and mitigation of vessel encounters with North Atlantic right whales
Date
2009-03
Authors
Vanderlaan, Angelia SM
Corbett, James J.
Green, Shannon L.
Callahan, John A.
Wang, Chengfeng
Kenney, Robert D.
Taggart, Christopher T.
Firestone, Jeremy
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Inter-Research, Nordbuente 23 Oldendorf/Luhe 21385 Germany
Abstract
Successful mitigation of vessel-whale encounters requires quantitative estimates of vessel strikes, how strike rates change over time, where strikes are most likely to occur, and options for minimizing strikes. In addressing these issues, we first demonstrate a 3- to 4-fold increase in the number of reported large whale-vessel strikes worldwide from the early 1970s to the early 2000s, corresponding to a 3-fold increase in the number of vessels in the world fleet that is paralleled by an increase in vessel tonnage and speed. Second, we estimate a 50% chance of 14 or more annual vessel-strike reports worldwide between 1999 and 2002. For North Atlantic right whales Eubalaena glacialis, we estimate a 60% chance of observing at least 1 right whale death from vessel strike. Adjusting for undetermined causes of death and unobserved deaths, we estimate a 10-fold increase (from 1 to 10) in the expected annual number of fatal ship strikes. Third, we evaluate the eastern United States geographic distribution of right whales and vessels to calculate relative probabilities of vessel-whale encounters among 3 major right whale habitats. We determine that the Southern Calving Ground poses the greatest threat of a vessel strike: 1.6- and 7-fold greater than in Cape Cod Bay and the Great South Channel, respectively. Finally, for the Great South Channel region we present a quantitatively determined vessel-traffic routing option that would achieve a 39% reduction in vessel-whale encounter probabilities. The methods employed in assessing encounter probabilities and vessel-routing options can be applied elsewhere to enhance the conservation of endangered and threatened species that suffer vessel-strike mortality.
Description
Keywords
Ships, Geographical distribution, Calving, Whales, Cape Cod Bay, Marine fish, Mitigation, Great South Channel, Eubalaena glacialis, Mortality, Gadus morhua, Chemical oxygen demand, Rare species, North Atlantic, Habitat, Behavioral Ecology, Channels, Threatened species, Marine mammals, Nature conservation, Conservation, Endangered species, Cetacea, Mortality causes
Citation
Vanderlaan, Angelia SM, James J. Corbett, Shannon L. Green, John A. Callahan, et al. 2009. "Probability and mitigation of vessel encounters with North Atlantic right whales." Endangered Species Research 6(3): 273-285.